Introduction: Joint pain is one of the common problem which affects most of them during their lifetime. The term sandhi shoola or sandhi ruja is used in ayurveda for joint pain.Vata dosha resides in asthi (bones) and sandhi (joints). Sandhishoola is mainly due to imbalance in vata dosha . The vata dosha gets affected due to various internal and external factors, leading to dryness stiffness and inflammation of joints and causes various vataja vyadhis.Different types of vataja vyadhis include:Sandhi vata (Osteoarthritis)Kati graha (Low back ache)Hanusthambha / hanu graha (Temporomandibular joint pain and stiffness)Gridhrasi (Sciatica)vishwachi (Frozen shoulder)Vata rakta ( Gouty arthritis, varicose veins)Other vataja vyadhi like bursitis, tendinitis, etcCauses for Vata vyadhis:Due to intake of dry cold food, very less quantity of food, improper diet and lifestyle, exposure to cold breeze, too much of physical activities, more exercise, loss of sleep or less sleeping during night, suppression of natural urges etc All these factors causes increase of Vata dosha.Lakshana of Vata vyadhis (Symptoms):Inflammation of joints, redness, swelling, tenderness, stiffness of the joint, pain, range of movement will be affected,Increased temperature over the joint can be felt.Vata vyadhi chikitsa (Treatment):Main Basic principle in ayurveda is to avoid the etiological factors. In ayurveda we use the Herbal medicine, which pacify the Vata dosha, and eliminates toxins and nourishes the Sandhi (joint tissue).In Sandhi Vata (Osteoarthritis) – internally various Kashaya (Syrup), churna(Powder) Arishta,vati (Tablet)mainly of guggulu preparations are given. Locally abhyanga (Massage), swedana (Steam), lepa (Herbal paste), janu basti (Oil pooling) are advised. Shodhana (Purification therapy) like anuvasana and asthapana basti (Enema) is indicated .Treatment in kati graha (Low back ache): Avoid causative factors, internally various Kashaya, vati, arishta. Locally abhyanga (Massage) swedana (Steam) and kati basti (Oil pooling) therapy. shodhana like snehapana (Oleation) and basti (Enema) are done.In hanu Stambha and hanu graha (TMJ pain and stiffness) – avoid the cause, internally vati (tablets) preparations, externally abhyanga (Massage) followed by swedana (Sudation) and shodhana like nasya (Nasal drops), Kavala and gandusha (Oil pooling) are advised.In gridhrasi (Sciatica) – internally various Kashaya, vati, churna are given. Locally abhyanga (Massage ) and sweda (Sudation) are done. shodhana like sneha pana (Oleation therapy), basti (Enema) and siravyadha (Blood letting) Agni karma (Thermal microcaturey) is advised.Vishwachi (Frozen shoulder) – Avoid the etiological factors, vati (Tablet), Kashaya (Syrup based formulations), arishta, and locally abhyanga (Massage ), swedana (Steam) followed by sneha pana(oleation therapy), nasya (Nasal drops).Vata rakta (Gouty arthritis / Varicose veins ) – internally Kashaya, vati, asava arishta preparations, locally we do abhyanga, swedana, rakta moksham (Blood letting), shodhana like virechana (Purgation) and basti (Enema) are advised.According to the nature of the disease, and the constitution of the person the treatment modalities varies from person to person. Along with these even the diet and life style modifications which pacify Vata dosha has to be followed. in all these treatment the herbs used posses analgesic, anti inflammatory properties there by relieving different kinds of joints pain.Conclusion by all these ayurvedic treatment modalities one can get rid of joints pains and discomfort. Most of the people during the initial stage of the joints pain, where one has mild to moderate joint pain and who cannot do surgery because of age factor, in all these conditions one can opt the traditional system of medicine. which helps in curing the pain without any adverse effects and restoring the damaged cartilage cells, nourishes the cartilage cells and helps in lubrication of joint and improves the movement

Introduction: Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Hair is mainly composed of keratin proteins and keratin-associated proteins. In ayurveda, the term keshya is used for hair, Keshya is upadhatu of majja, Hair,plays a vital role in making you to look younger as well as beautiful.Synonyms: Hair is also known by the names such as bal, loma, kesha, samshru etc. The body hairs are known as loma and the hair on the scalp is called as kesha and on the face is called as samshru.Development of Kesha: Hair starts developing from sixth  month of embryonic life. It is the mala of asti dathu (bone tissue)and upadhatu of majja (Bone marrow).Growth cycle: Hair grows in 3 phases:Growing Phase (Anagen) – 85% to 90% of total hairs are growing in this phase and it lasts for 2-6 years. Growth rate is half inch per month during this phase.Falling phase (Catagen)-1% of hairs are in falling phase and it lasts for 15days.Resting phase (Telogen)-10% to 15% of total hairs are in resting phase, the germ cells will be in resting phase. It lasts for 1 to 4 months.Types of hair according to ayurveda: The types of hair vary according to different Prakruthi (constitution) of the person.There are three doshas vata pitta and kapha.Vata Prakruthi hair features-The hair is dry, rough, and have less number of hair on the body. hair will be thin and straight. the hair over the scalp will be very dry  and rough in nature and have maximum chances for hair problems like dryness of scalp, dandruff, khalitya (Hair fall).Pitta Prakruthi hair features-hair is light soft and oily which is predominant with brown colour. hair will be wavy and moderate thick. This type of Prakruthi person has predominance of ushna Guna in them.  they are prone for palitya (greying of hair) due to increased body temperature  and excess sweating in Pitta Prakriti they often  have excess sweating over scalp region and also prone to khalitya (Hairfall).Kapha Prakruthi hair features-the hair is Snigdha (Unctous). It will be more oily and dark in nature due to the slakshna (smooth)and mridu Guna (soft) in them. the hair is considered to be very smooth and soft in texture and have thick, curly hair. And are prone for Indralupta (Alopecia) darunaka(Dandruff), and hairloss.Diseases which affect hairs:Khalitya (Premature Hairfall)Khalitya is one of the Kṣudra Roga. Vata,Pitta, Kapha and Rakta are involved in Khalitya (hairfall) According to Ayurveda, the vitiated Vayu and Pitta enters to the root of the hairs make thehairs falls off, while the vitiated blood and Kapha locally blocks the hair follicles, and stops early growth of hair .Treatment: Shiro lepa (application of various medicated herbal paste), shiro abhyanga (head massage) with various kinds of herbal oils, various shodhana chikitsa like Vamana (emesis), virechana (purgation),nasya (nasal drops), raktamokshana (blood letting)therapy are indicated .About one lakhs hairs are present in Scalp. Around one hundred hairs are lost daily in normal person. If the number increases manifold. Later may lead to Alopecia.Palitya (Premature Greying of Hairs)The vitiated pitta enters the romakupa (hair follicles) and tend to make the hair prematurely grey. Treatment: shiro lepa with various keshya Ranjaka herbs. Shiro abhyanga with various oils, nasya karma with Keshaposhaka taila. Premature greying is an important cause of low self-esteem, often interfering with socio-cultural adjustment. And it is seen affecting large percentage of population especially young men and women. premature graying of hair is called as Akala Palitya. Now a days lot of people use Hair coloring, which involves the use of chemicals later resulting in a range of adverse effects.Darunaka (Dandruff)Different Ayurvedic classics describe hair disease like Darunaka in which due to kapha pitta prakopa the scalp becomes dry hard itchy rough and scaly.In Darunaka (dandruff) the dead tissue sheds down from scalp, with symptoms like Kandu(itching), Kesha Chyuti Rookshata (Dryness of Scalp)Twaksputana, etc. due to the vitiation of Vata and Kaphadosha. It affects almost everyone atleast during their lifetime and cause discomfort.Treatment: Shiro abhyanga (Head Massage) with medicated oils, shiro lepa (Herbal Paste), nasya karma (Nasal Drops). Dandruff (Pityriasis Capitis) is acommon scalp disorder, characterized by presence of corneocytes that form clusters due to their high cohesive power, in the form of flaky white to yellowish scales, accompanied by itching. Dandruff affects aesthetic value and often causes itching. The severity of dandruff may fluctuate with season as itoften worsens in winter.Conclusion: All the herbs that is used in the treatment modalities have anti microbial, anti fungal and antioxidative properties which help in treating the underlying hair disease and helps in natural growth of hairs without having any adverse effects. By all these treatment modalities for different disorders of hair one can get excellent hair with ayurveda

Introduction: Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine, which offers a holistic approach to health and well-being of a person. In Ayurveda skin is called as twacha or charma.Skin is the largest organ of human body. It plays an important role in keeping normal human physiological conditions.Synonym of skin in ayurveda: tvak, tvacha, charma , Sparshana, chavi, etc.Tvak Utpatti: In Ayurvedic text, it is stated that skin starts developing from the third month of intrauterine life. anatomy of skin according to Ayurveda. ayurveda has described in detail about tvacha it’s layers, diseases which affect each layer and its treatment modalities.There are seven layers of tvak namely:Avabhasini (Stratum Corneum) – this is the first layer of skin and it provides colour to the skin this layer measures about 1/18th part vrihi (rice grain). Diseases which affect this layer are Sidhma (small ulcers) and Padmakantaka (Pemphigus Mollaceous)Lohita (Stratum Lucidum) – The second layer of Twacha which measures about 1/16 part of vrihi (rice grain). diseases which affect this layer are of tila kaalaka (Moles), nyachchha (Pimples) and
vyanga (Melasma).Shwetha (Stratum Granulosum) – The third layer of Twacha which measures about 1/12″ part of vrihi (Rice Grain). It is affected by diseases like Charamdala, Ajagalli and Mashaka (Taenia Infection of Skin and Candidiasis).Tamra (Stratum Malpighi)- The fourth layer of Twacha which measures about 1/8″‘ part of vrihi (Rice Grain ). It is manifested with disease like Vividha Kilasa (Lepromatous)and Kustha (Tuberculoid Leprosy).Vedini (Papillary Layer)- The fifth layer of Twacha which measures about 1/5″ part of vrihi. This layer is affected with
various kinds of Kushtha (Leprosy) and Visarpa (Erysipelas).Rohini (Reticular Layer)- The sixth layer of Twacha which measures about one vrihi (Rice Grain ). It is manifested with Granthi (Varicose Veins), Arbuda (Tumors), Shlipada (Filariasis), Galaganda (Goiter)Mamsadhara (Hypodermis Layer)- The seventh layer of Twacha which measures about two vrihi (Rice Grain). Diseases like Bhagandara (Fistula-in-ano), Vidradhi (Abscess), Arshas (Piles) are manifested in this layer.Kriyatamaka aspect of Twacha (functions of skin): In Kriyatamaka aspect, to examine the role of skin, we will have to assess the effects of dosha, dhatus and malas. In Ayurveda, we use the concept of Dosha .they are the fundamental energy or bio energies that govern the body functions. There are 3dosha like Vata , pitta and Kapha. These doshas are present in body and also in skin.Bhrajaka pitta present in twacha is responsible for lusture of the twacha. Increase of pittadosha in the body results in yellowish discoloration of the twacha whereas its kshaya (decrease) results in the loss of lusture of the twacha. Increase of Vatadosha in the body results in karshanyam(hyperpigmentation / dull complexion) of twacha and increase of kaphacauses shaukalyam(whitish discolouration of skin) and shaityam(coldness oftwacha).Kapha kshaya (Decrease) results in rukshata (Dryness). According to Acharya Charaka, twacha is the mula of mamsavahasrotas and updhatu of Mamsadhatu and Rakta dhatus are indirectly related to twacha. Vitiation of RaktaDhatu leads to skin diseases like Visapra, Kustha, Vyanga (melasma )etc. while in kshaya of Rakta dhatu in the body results in twakaparushyam (rough skin).The presence of shudha Shukra in the body is also reflected by the lusture of the twacha. itself The skin retains water and keeps moist. Thus presence of sweda (sweat) indicates that it is mala (waste product)of twacha which is essential for maintaining the moisture content, tonicity and elasticity of the skin.Decrease of sweda (sweat) results in dryness and cracks in the skin whereas increase of Sweda results in pruritus.Skin disorders: In Ayurvedic Literature, skin diseases are described under kushta RogaThese are of two types-Maha Kusthakshudra kushta.Most common skin disorder which affects face like Mukha dushika (Acne), vyanga (Melasma), Nilika (Hyper pigmentation), dadru (Fungal infection), Chaya (Dull complexion) rukshata of tvak (Dry Skin) etc. treatment modalities; shamana and shodhana chikitsa are indicated in various skin disorder. Internally various Kashaya, vati preparations are given. Locally Muktha abhyanga (face massage) with various herbal oils, followed by swedana (steam) is done. Mukha Lepa (herbal paste) is applied to face which is prepared out of various herbs. Shodhana chikitsa like Vamana (emesis), Rakta mokshana (blood letting) nasya(nasal drops)are done.Conclusion: To understand the various disorders of skin knowledge about the various layers and its functions are important . skin is also used as a diagnostic tool to assess various conditions which affects the body

Platelet-rich plasma- PRP therapy for hair loss is a form of regenerative procedure that harnesses and escalates natural growth factors found in our blood cells.It’s a cosmetic dermatology treatment and a non-invasive procedure, which is a therapeutic injectable treatment derived from the patient’s own blood and contains a high concentration of one type of blood cell called platelets. Platelets, also called thrombocytes in medical terminology, are components of blood. They are disc-shaped blood cells that play a crucial role in homeostasis, increasing healing capacity.PRP therapy for hair loss is widely used to stimulate hair follicles, promote hair regrowth, and strengthen existing hair, making it a popular choice for non-surgical hair restoration.Its primary function is to form clots to prevent excessive bleeding. Platelet-rich plasma optimizes the initial inflammatory response involved with healing. The activation of the concentrated platelets releases growth factors that stimulate the reparative cells your body produces, enhancing the healing process.PRP contains high levels of growth factors like platelet-derived growth factors, transforming growth factors-beta, and vascular endothelial growth factors. PRP therapy for hair loss utilizes these growth factors to nourish hair follicles, improve scalp health, and promote natural hair regrowth.It’s a revolutionary treatment with broad application in medicine.Platelet-rich plasma is made up of the patient’s blood, so it isn’t considered a drug.In platelets, a rich plasma injection has 10 times more platelets than the normal blood sample injection.Types of Platelet-Rich PlasmaPlatelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) – A fibrin matrix rich in platelets that supports longer-lasting release of growth factors for enhanced healing.Pure Platelet-Rich Plasma (P-PRP) – Contains only platelet-rich plasma without white blood cells, focusing purely on tissue regeneration and repair.Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Plasma (L-PRP) – Contains both white blood cells and platelets, significantly boosting the healing process. PRP therapy for hair loss often utilizes L-PRP to improve scalp health and stimulate stronger hair growth.Mechanism Of Platelet Rich Plasma:-PRP attract fibroblasts, collagen fibers,stem cells and other growth factor cells to repair the injury sites.Inflammation modulation PRP reduces inflammation by regulating cytokine activity,promoting a balanced immune response.Anti-inflammatory effects:– PRP reduces swelling and pain and modulates inflammatory response.Clinical Applications of Platelet-Rich PlasmaOrthopedic Use: PRP treatment is beneficial for patients experiencing joint, tendon, and muscle pain. It accelerates natural healing and rehabilitation by stimulating tissue repair.Pain & Inflammation Relief: PRP contains growth factors that help repair damaged tissue, reduce pain, and minimize inflammation.PRP Therapy for Hair Loss: A widely used treatment for hair restoration, PRP stimulates hair follicles, improves scalp health, and promotes thicker hair growth.Skin Rejuvenation: PRP reduces wrinkles and other signs of aging by encouraging cell division and cellular turnover.Ligament & Muscle Repair: Suitable for treating inflamed or partially torn ligaments and muscle inflammation.Angiogenesis: PRP enhances the formation of new blood vessels, improving oxygen and nutrient supply to damaged tissues.In Ophthalmology:Platelet-rich plasma is used to treat corneal ulcers and dry eyes, promoting faster healing and tissue regeneration.In Dental Treatments:Dental Implants: PRP injections stimulate bone formation near the implant area, improving integration and stability.Periodontal Regeneration: PRP enhances gingival and periodontal tissue healing after dental procedures.Soft Tissue Healing: PRP accelerates the healing of oral mucosa following surgical dental procedures.Facial & Plastic Surgery: Doctors use PRP for faster wound healing after facial or plastic surgery.Additionally, PRP therapy for hair loss has gained popularity as an effective solution for hair restoration, helping to strengthen hair follicles and stimulate new growth.In Dermatology TreatmentsPRP Therapy for Hair LossReduces hair fallStrengthens existing hair folliclesPromotes the regrowth of new hair folliclesImproves the quality and texture of hairA very safe and natural method, free from chemicalsPRP therapy for hair loss is a widely used non-invasive treatment that helps in hair restoration and scalp rejuvenation. It takes approximately 6 months to show visible results, requiring 7-8 sessions of scalp injections, repeated every 21 days.PRP treatment is also effective for facial rejuvenation, acne scars, and overall skin repair. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in wound healing, such as in diabetic foot ulcers and pressure sores, by reducing recovery time and improving tissue regeneration.PRP therapy stimulates collagen production underneath the skin, improving skin texture and tone. After PRP treatment, the skin becomes more even, hydrated, and elastic. It also helps in reducing acne inflammation, scars, and pigmentation.For individuals with surgical or accidental scars, PRP therapy for hair loss and skin rejuvenation can help fill depressed areas, smooth out the skin, and reduce post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).Pre-Treatment Guidelines:Get proper sleep and enough restAvoid drinking alcohol and stop smokingConsume a protein-rich diet with grains, vegetables, and fruits.Post-Treatment Instructions for PRP TherapyAfter PRP therapy, patients may experience pain, swelling, and bruising around the injection area for 48–72 hours. These symptoms will gradually subside.If the pain is severe, a mild painkiller like paracetamol or topical anti-inflammatory ointments can be used for 2–3 days.Avoid NSAIDs and steroids, as they can interfere with the healing process.Take proper rest and apply a moisturizer and sunscreen to prevent dryness and protect the skin.Do not scratch, rub, or itch the treated area to avoid irritation or complications.For PRP therapy for hair loss, avoid washing your scalp for 24 hours and follow your doctor’s instructions for better results.Who Needs to Avoid PRP Treatments:-Patients who have blood disorderPatients who have fever and coldPatient with sepsisPatients who have infection on the treatment area.Patients who have cancer like hemotologic related or bone cancer or skinCancerpregnant women should avoid the treatment.Patients with a history of autoimune disease.Procedure:-Need to withdraw 10cc to 40cc blood according to area.Then we have to keep withdrawn blood in prp tubes.Then ,blood is centrifuged at a suitable speed to separate plasma and blood.Then the doctor will inject that extracted plasma to the injured part or requied area.According to the treatment plan, the doctor will suggest how many sessions it requiredFor the patient.Every 3-4 weeks, patients need to come for the next session.Recovery After PRP TreatmentSwelling and pain at the injection site are common as PRP therapy stimulates the healing process in that area.These symptoms typically last for 48–72 hours and subside on their own.The results of PRP therapy can last between 7–8 months to 1 year, depending on the patient’s body condition and response to treatment.For PRP therapy for hair loss, consistent sessions and proper post-treatment care help achieve long-lasting hair regrowth and strength.Advantage of Platelet-Rich Plasma :-Natural healing enhancement minimally invasiveAutologous SafeIt can be added with other treatments too like microneedling ,fractional lasers , Hyaluronic acid and stem cell therapy.Risk Factors of PRP TherapyNo major risks, as PRP is made from the patient’s own blood.Mild pain and bruising may occur around the treated area.Minor bleeding can happen due to superficial blood vessel puncture.Minimal risk of allergic reactions, significantly lower than steroid injections.Possible tissue damage at the injection site.Patients may experience temporary discomfort and stiffness after the injection.PRP therapy for hair loss and skin treatments requires multiple sessions (6–7 minimum) for visible results.High variability in platelet concentration may affect results.Expensive and not covered by insurance, making it a costly long-term treatment.The lack of standardized processes in some clinics may result in ineffective treatment.PRP therapy for hair loss is likely to become an integral part of regenerative medicine, giving hope for patients suffering from arthritis and micellaneus disease related to skin and hair as well

Here Are The Top 5 Anti-Aging Treatments.1)Botox2) Skin Boosters3)Fractional Lasers4)Threads5)ExosomesWhat is Botox?Botox is a neuromodulator protein used to relax muscle activity and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. It is an FDA-approved cosmetic injectable treatment designed to smooth moderate to severe fine lines and wrinkles on the forehead, crow’s feet, and neck bands. Additionally, Botox is widely recognized as one of the most effective anti-aging treatments, helping to maintain a youthful and refreshed appearance.What Does Botox Do?Botox helps improve appearance by relaxing muscles that cause wrinkles. It is also used for medical conditions such as migraine, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), and overactive bladder.To maintain results, Botox treatments are typically needed every 4 to 6 months. Multiple areas can be treated in a single session based on the patient’s requirements.Is Botox Safe?Patients often ask whether Botox is safe or if there are any side effects. The answer is yes, Botox is generally safe when used in lower doses and administered by a licensed healthcare professional. It is also a widely used option among anti-aging treatments for reducing wrinkles and fine lines.However, before getting Botox, it is essential to inform your doctor about your general health condition, ongoing medications, or other treatments to avoid potential complications.If you are on blood thinners, there may be an increased risk of bruising and bleeding.If you consume alcohol, you may experience more pain and bruising. It is advised to avoid drinking alcohol for at least 48 hours before the procedure.How Botox Works (Mechanism)Botox blocks chemical signals to nerves, preventing muscle contractions. This relaxes the muscles and reduces the appearance of wrinkles.Possible Side EffectsPain, swelling, or bruising at the injection siteHeadache or flu-like symptomsDroopy eyelid or crooked smilePost-Treatment CareStay upright for at least 3–4 hours after the procedure.Do not rub or itch the injection sites for at least 24 hours to prevent the Botox from spreading.Avoid facial massages for 3–4 days.No gym or intense exercise after the procedure.Skin Boosters: A Hydrating Skin TreatmentWhat Are Skin Boosters?Skin boosters are injectable anti-aging treatments that deliver hyaluronic acid into the skin. This minimally invasive treatment improves skin quality, texture, fine lines, and hydration, making it ideal for dry and crepey skin.Where Can Skin Boosters Be Used?They can be applied to the:✔ Face✔ Neck bands✔ Hands✔ Other body areas needing hydrationHow Do Skin Boosters Work?Stimulate collagen & elastin production to reduce fine lines, wrinkles, and dryness.Deeply hydrate the skin, making it look smoother, plumper, and radiant.Provide a refreshed complexion without altering your facial features.How are boosters different from dermal fillers?Skin boosters are much thinner in consistency, and their concentration is also lesser than dermal fillers. These boosters are softer & less viscous. So, due to these qualities, we inject them superficially as a mesotherapy technique. Dermal fillers are thicker in consistency, like clay, so we inject them to sculpt the facial features.Skin boosters are either non-crosslinked or are minimally cross-linked; that’s why they are much thinner than dermal fillers. These qualities allow them to be injected superficially, making them one of the effective anti-aging treatments for skin hydration and rejuvenation.Post procedure of anti-aging treatmentsImmediately after anti-aging treatments, the patient may not see much of a result, but over the weeks, they will notice their skin becoming more hydrated. Due to its regenerative properties, skin boosters offer the next level of appeal for those who are losing collagen rapidly.Risk & Side Effects of Skin Boosters:RednessSwellingPinpoint bruisingWelt-like spotsThese side effects are minimal and will subside within 24-48 hours.Fraction Co2 laser resurfacingCarbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser for Skin ResurfacingHow It Works:Carbon dioxide laser uses targeted beams of light to remove the superficial layer of skin. These beams penetrate the skin’s surface, where water in the skin cells absorbs them.Fractional Laser Mechanism:Fractional laser creates micro-columns of thermal injury in the skin while leaving the surrounding tissue intact. This stimulates the skin’s natural healing process, promoting collagen production and skin regeneration.Indications:Fractional laser is used for:Treatment of photoaging and rhytids (wrinkles). Photoaged skin has irregular color and texture.Scarring treatment, stimulating collagen production.Reducing the prominence of scar pigmentation.Treating premalignant lesions, actinic damage, and keloids.Contraindications:Presence of active acne lesions may increase the risk of infection.Open wounds or active infections, particularly from the herpes simplex virus.Types of Laser Resurfacing:1. Ablative Laser:Includes CO2 lasers, erbium lasers, and combination systems. As the wound heals and the skin regrows, the treated area becomes smoother and tighter. This anti-aging treatments uses heat energy to destroy outer skin layers while heating the underlying skin, stimulating collagen production to improve skin texture and firmness.2. Non-Ablative Laser (or Light Source):This method also stimulates collagen growth but is less aggressive than ablative lasers.Both ablative and non-ablative procedures can be performed using fractional laser technology, making it an effective anti-aging treatments for skin rejuvenation and texture improvement.Risks:Inflammation, swelling, itching, and painful skinAcne, redness, and blistersInfectionChanges in skin colorScarring or Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)Thread Lift: A Non-Surgical Skin-Tightening SolutionThread lift is a non-invasive cosmetic procedure that uses medical-grade sutures to lift and tighten sagging skin while stimulating collagen production. It is a quick, safe, and effective alternative to facelift surgery with minimal recovery time, making it a popular choice for anti-aging treatments.Key Benefits of Thread Lift:It boosts collagen production and improves skin elasticity naturally.Minimally painful with local anesthesia for a comfortable experience.Quick procedure completed in 1-2 hours, allowing you to resume daily activities immediately.Minimal downtime with mild swelling or bruising that subsides within a week.Side Effects of Thread Lifts:Allergic reactionsMild bleeding or bruisingInfections (rare but possible) Temporary lumpiness or pulling sensationPost-Procedure Care:Apply ice packs 2-3 times a day to reduce swelling.Wash your face with cold water only.Use antibiotic ointment for 3-4 days to prevent infections.Avoid strenuous activities like exercise or gym for at least a week.Take prescribed antibiotics and painkillers as directed by your doctor.Exosome Therapy: The Future of Skin & Hair RegenerationExosome therapy is an advanced regenerative treatment in facial aesthetics, also known as exosome stem cell therapy. It works on cell-to-cell communication, transferring peptides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (such as mRNA) to promote healing and tissue regeneration, making it a cutting-edge option for anti-aging treatments.Benefits of Exosome Therapy:Stimulates collagen production for skin rejuvenation.Reduces inflammation and promotes tissue remodeling.Supports hair growth by enhancing cellular activity in hair follicles.Aids in orthopedic treatments like osteoarthritis and tendon repair. Used in post-surgical care to accelerate healing.Sources of Exosomes:Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cellsAmniotic fluid-derived stem cellsBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellsUmbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cellsPlant stem cell-derived exosomesAdvantages of Exosome Therapy:✔ Minimally invasive and easy to apply✔ Chemical-free and biocompatible✔ Boosts skin healing, reduces scars and marks✔ No live cells or DNA, making it safe and effective✔ Rich in growth factors, cytokines & peptidesPossible Risks of Exosome Therapy:Mild redness or swelling at the injection site.Potential allergic reactions (rare but possible)Exosome therapy is revolutionizing anti-aging treatments and medical aesthetics, offering a natural, safe, and highly effective solution for skin, hair, and tissue regeneration.

Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer● Cancer is “a group of diseases characterized by unregulated cell growth and the invasion and spread of cells from the site of origin, or primary site, to other sites in the body.”● The oral cavity represents the entrance to the upper aerodigestive tract that begins at the lips and ends at the faucial arch/entrance of the throat.● It is continuously exposed to inhaled and ingested cancer-causing agents and thus is the most common site for primary malignant tumors in the head and neck region.● The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers is approximately 5,30,000, corresponding to 3.8% of all cancers.● Southeast Asia, particularly India, has the highest incidence of cancers of the oral cavity because of the habit of chewing tobacco in various forms across India.● Early diagnosis of oral cancer plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes and survival rates. Detecting symptoms at an initial stage allows timely intervention, significantly reducing complications.● It is the third most common cancer in India and accounts for 40% of deaths. Early diagnosis of oral cancer can help lower mortality rates through proper screening and preventive measures.CANCER-CAUSING AGENTS / CARCINOGENS:Common Forms of Tobacco Found in India:i. Beedi – Crude form of a cigaretteii. Gutkaiii. Paan – Betel quidiv. Khainiv. Tambaku / Loose leaf tobaccovi. Smokeless tobacco (Snuff tobacco)vii. Hookahviii. Cigarettes / Cigarix. E-cigarettesOther Carcinogens:AlcoholBetel nuts / Areca nutsNutritional deficiencies – Deficiency of vitamin A, folate, and iron increases the risk of cancer.Early diagnosis of oral cancer is crucial for preventing complications caused by prolonged exposure to these carcinogens.Regular screening and awareness about early diagnosis of oral cancer can help reduce mortality rates through timely medical intervention.SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ORAL CANCERThe early diagnosis of oral cancer involves detecting the condition in its initial stages, often before severe symptoms appear.The earlier oral cancer is identified, the higher the chances of successful treatment and recovery.Dentists play a crucial role as the first line of defense in detecting oral cancer lesions.Key Signs and Symptoms to Watch For:Persistent non-healing mouth sores or ulcersPain in the mouth or lips / tenderness of mouth tissuesUnexplained numbness in tissues / bleeding gumsA lump or thickened cheek tissue, gums, or tongueDifficulty swallowing, talking, or moving the jaw or tongueBurning sensation—constant or triggered by spicy foodsMost malignant lesions are preceded by precursor lesions, commonly known as premalignant lesionsRegular screenings and awareness about the early diagnosis of oral cancer can significantly reduce the risk of late-stage complications and improve treatment outcomes.PREMALIGNANT LESIONS & EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CANCERPremalignant lesions are red or white patches in the oral cavity that have the potential to develop into oral cancer if left untreated. These lesions are often asymptomatic in the early stages, making early diagnosis of oral cancer crucial for preventing progression into malignancy.Premalignant lesions are typically identified during routine dental or medical exams, and early intervention can significantly reduce the risk of developing oral cancer.Types of Premalignant Lesions:Leukoplakia – The most common premalignant lesion. It appears as a white patch or plaque on the mucous membranes of the mouth, gums, or tongue that cannot be scraped off. Though mostly benign, about 10-25% of leukoplakia lesions have the potential to become malignant, especially if red, irregular, or thickened.Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia (PVL) – A distinct type of leukoplakia with warty surface texture, capable of enlarging or spreading to new areas. More common in female patients.Erythroplakia – Red, velvety lesions typically found on the floor of the mouth, tongue, or soft palate. These bright red patches with irregular borders are more common in men and older adults and have a high risk of malignant transformation.Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) – A chronic, progressive condition causing mucosal tightening and stiffness, leading to difficulty in opening the mouth (trismus). Strongly linked to betel nut chewing, OSMF is a well-established risk factor for oral cancer.Oral Lichen Planus – A chronic inflammatory condition appearing as white, lacy patches on the inner cheeks, gums, or tongue.Oral Hyperplastic Candidiasis – A fungal infection caused by Candida overgrowth in the mouth. Appears as white patches on the tongue, gums, or inner cheeks. Chronic cases resistant to antifungal therapy may require surgical excision.Importance of Early DiagnosisSince many of these lesions are painless in the early stages, regular oral screenings are essential for the early diagnosis of oral cancer, allowing timely treatment and reducing the risk of progression to malignancy.IMAGING TESTS:Imaging tests are used in conjunction to diagnose lesions and are:i. OPG X-rayii.CT scans/ Contrast enhanced CT Scansiii.MRI scans offer better accuracy of soft tissue examination than CT scansiv.Positron Emission Tomography/PET-CT scanv.Ultrasonographyvi. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy/Cytology (FNAB/FNAC)PATIENTS MEDICAL HISTORY:● A detailed history and physical examination form the basis of initial diagnosis. Thedetailed history would involve family history, lifestyle habits (including smoking andalcohol consumption), sexual behaviour and occupational exposures.● Patient’s co-morbid conditions such as nutritional status, general medical condition,medications taken, presence of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic lungdisorders, thyroid disorders, etc are all assessed as these also affect the spread of cancerand recovery after surgery.TISSUE BIOPSY:● If a suspicious ulcer is found, an incisional biopsy i.e removing a small tissue samplefrom the lesion and adjacent normal tissue is taken and sent for histopathological testing.● This is the most definitive way to diagnose oral cancer.● Most sites within the oral cavity are accessible for a biopsy under local anesthetic● General anesthetic may be indicated depending on the tumour site or if the patient is notcomfortable being awake during the procedure.WHAT IS CANCER STAGING AND GRADING?:● Cancer is graded/ staged to ascertain the best treatment.● ‘Grading’ and ‘staging’ are the two systems to predict tumour behaviour and they guidetherapy after a malignant tumour is detected.● Grading is the histopathologic determination of tumour spread that assesses the gross andmicroscopic degree of differentiation of the tumour, while staging has a clinicalimportance measuring the extent of spread of the tumour within the patient.GRADING:Grade 1-moderately differentiated tumourGrade 2-poorly differentiated tumourGrade 3-well differentiated tumourHigher grade tumours have more chances of recurrence and metastasis (tumour spreadinto other tissues)CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION (TNM) & EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CANCERCancer staging is crucial for determining treatment plans and prognosis. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancers based on:T (Tumor) – Size and extent of the primary tumorN (Node) – Spread to nearby lymph nodesM (Metastasis) – Spread to distant body partsTypes of Staging:Clinical Staging (‘cTNM’ – Pretreatment Stage)Helps in selecting primary therapy and comparing cancer progression in populations.Uses data from clinical history, physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, biopsy, and other diagnostic tests.Observations made during surgical exploration without resection or when pathologic material is not obtained are classified as clinical staging.Early diagnosis of oral cancer at this stage significantly improves treatment outcomes.Pathological Staging (‘pTNM’ – Post-treatment Stage)Conducted after surgical resection of the tumor.Provides anatomic confirmation of disease extent and helps guide post-surgical treatments like adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy.Since staging plays a key role in planning treatment strategies, early diagnosis of oral cancer ensures timely intervention and better prognosis.

Introduction“Hair thinning or hair fall means shedding of your hair follicles from the scalp.”It’s okay if you are losing 30-60 follicles a day, but if it is more than that or happens suddenly, then you need to be concerned and consult your dermatologist.Nowadays, due to changing habits, gradually decreasing hair on the scalp reduces hair density. It can be temporary or permanent hair loss. If you are wondering how to control hair fall, early intervention is key.Excessive hair fall or hair loss can lead to baldness in both males and females. At the initial phase, if you start treatments and take proper care of your hair thinning or hair fall, it can be controlled. Seeking expert advice on how to control hair fall will help in maintaining hair health and preventing severe hair loss. Types of Hair FallHair fall can occur due to various reasons and causes. If you’re wondering how to control hair fall, understanding the type and cause of hair loss is the first step toward the right treatment.1. Androgenic AlopeciaAlso known as male or female pattern hair loss, this is a very common form of hair loss affecting both men and women, usually between 25 to 50 years of age. It primarily impacts the temporal and frontal parts of the scalp.In males, it often follows an “M” shape pattern.In females, it results in diffuse thinning over the crown.In men, it can be associated with hypertension, enlarged prostate, or diabetes, making it crucial to monitor underlying health conditions.n females, hair loss differs from males. Women first experience thinning of hair, which later progresses to hair loss at the mid-part of the scalp. In males, hair receding usually starts from the frontal area, commonly known as the forehead region. Over time, it may extend to the crown (mid) part of the scalp as well.Androgenic alopecia can occur due to various environmental factors. If you’re wondering how to control hair fall, it’s important to consider triggers like stress, sudden weight loss, or the use of certain topical shampoos, which can contribute to hair receding.Some researchers suggest that genetics plays a major role—if a person’s father or mother has faced similar issues, it could be hereditary. Proper diagnosis and early intervention can help control hair fall and slow down its progression.Female Pattern Hair LossTreatments for Androgenic Alopecia:Maintain a proper fiber-rich diet with adequate protein.If hair loss is due to mineral deficiency, taking the right supplements is essential.Create a healthy environment and reduce stress levels. If you’re wondering how to control hair fall, managing lifestyle factors like diet and stress is key.Avoid alcohol and smoking, as they can aggravate hair loss.Include yoga and physical activity in your daily routine to improve overall health.If you have an underlying systemic disease, consult your doctor for appropriate treatment. Addressing health issues is an important step in how to control hair fall effectively. Alopecia AreataAlopecia Areata occurs due to an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks hair follicles, leading to hair thinning and hair loss in a short time. It presents as round, patchy hair loss on the scalp or even in the beard area. This condition is also known as spot baldness.Treatments for alopecia areata:-They should avoid sugar and sugar-containing food.They should stop alcohol intake and quit smoking habits.Foods like junk foods and fried spicy foods need to stop.Anything that leads to stress should be avoided, as stress is a major factor in hair loss. If you’re wondering how to control hair fall, managing stress is one of the key steps.They need to boost their immune system, so treatment for immune support should be the first priority.Maintaining a proper diet helps strengthen immunity and promotes hair regrowth.They should avoid any kind of harsh chemicals in shampoos or conditioners, as these can worsen hair thinning.The most common treatment for alopecia areata is corticosteroid injections, which help stimulate hair follicles.They can also take multivitamin tablets, including biotin, as nutritional support plays a crucial role in how to control hair fall and promote healthy hair growth.TELOGEN EFFLUVIUM:-It’s a type of temporary hair loss due to severe stress or hormonal changes in life. When healthy hair is in the telogen phase, it suddenly enters prematurely into the anagen stage. After that, hair follicles fall out easily, leading to noticeable thinning. If you’re experiencing excessive shedding, understanding how to control hair fall is crucial to managing this condition.There are two types of telogen effluvium:ACUTE TELOGEN EFFLUVIUM: This phase lasts from six months to one year.CHRONIC TELOGEN EFFLUVIUM: This phase lasts longer than one year and can involve the entire scalp.AGEN EFFLUVIUM: This type of hair loss occurs when hair is in the growing phase but gets damaged and falls out suddenly.It can be caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To minimize damage and promote regrowth, following a proper hair care routine is essential. Seeking professional advice on how to control hair fall can help manage the effects of these conditions effectively.Causes of Hair FallHormonal ImbalanceHair loss or thinning can be due to hormonal imbalance, affecting both men and women. In females, pregnancy or menopause can alter the hair cycle’s lifespan. Androgens are hormones that can change the shape and size of hair follicles. Patients suffering from thyroid hormonal fluctuations may experience hair thinning and hair loss. To manage this, understanding how to control hair fall through proper care and treatment is essential.StressHigh stress levels can increase hair shedding and lead to hormonal imbalances.MedicationsCertain medications like albendazole, cyclosporine, and levodopa can contribute to hair loss. Some high-dose medications may also cause hair thinning.Genetic FactorsHereditary conditions can lead to pattern baldness.Underlying Health ConditionsIssues like anemia, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy treatments can result in significant hair loss.Diet and LifestyleSudden weight loss and nutritional deficiencies (Vitamin D, B12, and iron) can contribute to hair thinning.Dandruff & Scalp InfectionsFungal or bacterial infections on the scalp can cause excessive hair fall.Autoimmune DisordersConditions like alopecia areata can disrupt the hair growth cycle.Advanced Treatments for Hair FallGrowth Factor Therapy: This treatment reduces hair thinning and strengthens hair follicles while stimulating growth. It involves extracting plasma and growth factors from the patient’s blood.Hair Transplant: A permanent solution for those looking for full hair regrowth in a shorter period.Medications: Topical application of Minoxidil or Finasteride, commonly prescribed by doctors, can help improve hair density.Maintaining a proper hair care routine, reducing stress, and ensuring a nutrient-rich diet are crucial steps in how to control hair fall effectively.